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DreamBox (DB) Short Description
DreamBox (DB) is a real time synergetic multimedia surveillance system for homeland security and general CCTV use. DreamBox, with its built-in ETX Pentium and 11 DSP’s, processes information such as video, audio and data. This allows multiple users to view, analyze in real-time, transmit, respond, record, playback, smart-search, manage, debrief and archive simultaneously in a secured and redundant manner. Each DB performs a number of independent
processes which include video compression, audio/video transmission, digital recording, content analysis algorithms (such as outdoor and indoor video motion detection), digital/analog acquisition, data transfer over multiple network types , synchronized playback of video and audio, digital switching between cameras, videophone and security management software integration to external computerized systems. All these functions are included inside one 2Ux19″ box.

DreamBox (DB) Objectives
1. Synergy - Include all the functions and components of CCTV security system in one single box
2. Reduce the integration time required for a complete solution
3. Decrease the uncertainty involved in pre-planning
4. Reduce the price of the overall CCTV security system, network and infrastructure cost
5. Minimize the installation time and cables/fibers required
6. Enable complete data and network redundancy
7. Allow the sharing of resources between DB’s within a distributed topology

DreamBox Built-In Digital Video Recorder (DVR)
DreamBox, the smart digital video and audio recording solution for security applications, uses MPEG4 or H.263, state of the art video compression technology. Each DreamBox locally or over the network can record up to 30/25
(NTSC/PAL) Frames Per Second (FPS) on each of its 8 video inputs - providing full D1(4 CIF) video resolution while requiring far less storage space.
The DreamBox is designed for high level, real-time recording, and allows for controlling the bit-rate, frame rate and resolution, giving the users a highly
customizable solution. The variable frame rate for different zones in the same camera field-of-view results in a cost-effective solution for recording and storage of high frame rate with high resolution. The superior technology of the DB, which includes smart archiving and smart bandwidth reduction algorithms, will substantially reduce storage requirements in high demand applications.

Additional Built-In Recording Features:
MPEG4 or H.263 video compression technology

- full D1 (4 CIF), 30/25 FPS (NTSC/PAL) per input
Synchronized playback of audio and video
Localized and/or centralize archiving possibilities
Connect hundreds of distributed DB units and

record thousands of channels simultaneously
Configurable pre and post alarm per channel
Storage reduction via variable frame rate for different zones in the same camera field-of-view
Built-in hard discs (typical 500 GB)
Removable hard disc
Built-in RAID 1 redundancy
Post Search algorithm for fast investigation process

DreamBox Built-In Outdoor Video Motion Detection (VMD)
DreamBox’s advanced embedded detection capabilities and high speed video processing are combined to ensure detection under various weather conditions while dramatically reducing the false alarm rate associated with outdoor VMD.
With up to 30 frames per second VMD processing per channel (total of 120 FPS per unit), Dream Box excels in the detection of very fast movement.
27,000 detection cells enable the detection of very small objects, and when combined with a programmable 3D topographic map, can easily distinguish between small objects and partially concealed targets. DreamBox’s embedded VMD algorithm is Magal’s next generation VMD algorithm. The algorithm was specifically designed for outdoor applications and is capable of simultaneously detecting and tracking several targets per camera. Intruders are displayed and tracked by a color path. The unique unattended object detection algorithm is an optional feature which allows for baggage detection, vehicle detection, intrusion detection and other content analysis scenarios.

DreamBox Built-In Digital CCTV Matrix Switcher
DreamBox employs virtual audio and video connection capabilities for unlimited connection combinations. The built-in Matrix Switcher offers PTZ control over the network with limited delays (80-250 ms), programmable tours for switching
between cameras and color overlay over analog and VGA displays (full or quad). The DB generates alarms when there is a video fail or covered camera. The built-in alarm tour enables the simultaneous presentation of alarm pictures and
video clips of multiple events.

DreamBox Built-In Security Management System
The security management system is an advanced real time control and display system, which integrates a wide array of security components using distributed SQL databases based on the Linux operating system. The graphical user interface allows multiple operators with hierarchical multilevel operation
in any language. An active scheduler is included for an automated response to a wide combination of security scenarios. Each DreamBox can serve as a user workstation. Setting up the system can be done from any DreamBox on the network via authorized personnel with protected passwords.

DreamBox Built-In Transmission System
DreamBox uses MPEG4/H.263 video compression and audio to free up network bandwidth for fast, efficient and cost effective operation. The DB contains all the required elements for a full network path, including Encoding, Switching, Routing,
Fiber Optic Transceivers, Decoding and Transforming to Analog and VGA Monitors in the control center or other control rooms.

Additional DreamBox Advantages
Simplified Integration

Cable Reduction
DreamBox’s all-in-one security concept ensures that all its components are completely integrated thereby dramatically reducing the amount of cabling required.

Physical Integration
DreamBox user friendly software replaces the physical connections required between cameras, players, recorders, matrices and management systems.

Software Integration
DreamBox software is designed to free users from the challenges typically faced in a security integration process; including the integration of non-standard protocols and the need for compatibility with older versions (not to mention
the reduction of the negotiation phase between vendors).

Modular & Simple Maintenance and Service
DreamBox scalable and modular all inclusive design ensures simple and cost effective stock management and reduced maintenance costs.

Redundancy
The backing up of data, such as video footage, is vital to any CCTV installation. With this in mind, the built-in RAID 1 storage unit allows for complete backup redundancy to any DreamBox connected to the network.

No Central Server
DreamBox does not require a central server to operate. The units are connected in a closed loop system, which means there is no single point of failure. This further enhances the optimal fail safe features of the system. The closed loop design allows for the immediate detection of malfunctioning or cut cables, while
automatically creating alternative routes. Parallel processing and resource sharing allow DreamBox to complete complex security tasks with ease and share information between other DB’s.

Linux Operating System
Linux, which is the DreamBox operating system, enables true multitasking operation which significantly reduces computer downtime.

Smart Algorithms
Smart Bandwidth Reduction Algorithm and Smart Archiving Algorithm allow users to automatically reduce their storage requirements.

Infrastructure Services
DreamBox includes built-in infrastructure components and protocols which eliminate the requirement for dedicated infrastructure components. These services include RS232, TTL (in and out), and analog (in and out).

Additional Applications
Other embedded security applications include: intercom, public address, voice evacuation, videophone and alarm help points.

Network Topology
DreamBox units connected via a LAN Network, provide complete site coverage. The ring topology allows for stream flow from point-to-point in two alternative routes, achieving inherent backup. Each DreamBox can serve both as a CCTV field unit and as a user workstation with no need for a dedicated viewing station.
The DB distributed SQL database can initiate parallel database query processing with individual DB’s mining their own databases - the combined results immediately being displayed to the user.

DreamBox Architecture:
Flexible Transmission
Multicast/Unicast/Broadcast - Multiple video transmission options allow for optimal exploitation of network bandwidth.

Built-In Network Components
Each DreamBox includes a built in ethernet switch, router, fiber optic transceivers and a video server. Traditionally these components come as external add-on to a CCTV security system. The built in network components allow for secure and efficient control of data processing.

About Magal (DreamBox Manufacturer)
Magal’s shares are publicly traded on the NASDAQ National Market since 1993 and in Israel on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE) since July 2001, in both under the symbol MAGS. Magal is committed to bringing proven experience, personal attention and a fresh approach to every security challenge.
http://www.magal-ssl.com

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Satellite Radio is the future of broadcasting

Satellite Radio, in short, can be described as commercial-free music, news, sports and talk shows. Many of the biggest players and events are now available from Sirius radio and XM radio like Howard Stern, Fred Schneider (the B52s), NFL, English Soccer, NBA, NASCAR, NHL, Major League Baseball, INDY, and the PGA.

Satellite radio began in 1992, when the ‘S’ spectrum was allocated by the FCC to four companies. The two main ones, Sirius and XM paid a pretty penny (in fact almost $80 million dollars worth) to buy a license. Satellite-based radio began on May 15th, 2001 when XM Radio completed their satellite system. Sirius followed shortly when they launched in July, 2001. Since then, expanded products and competition has changed the radio landscape.

While automobile manufacturers started installing satellite radio in 2001 and 2002, most new vehicles come equipped with one now. XM has two satellites (called ‘Rock’ and ‘Roll’) in parallel orbits to cover the mainland US market, while Sirius has three. Both have recently been awarded licenses for the Canadian market.

So what are the differences between the two providers?

XM has a flat $9.99 a month fee with no contracts to sign. They have the latest portable equipment. XM offers some of the best varieties of programming available today. They offer 68 commercial-free music channels; 32 channels of News, Sports, Talk & Entertainment; and 21 channels of instant Traffic & Weather in major metro areas. Here’s the latest information of channels:

15 channels of Rock music

11 News channels (Fox, CNN, ABC, CNBC, MSNBC, BBC, C-SPAN, Bloomberg)

11 Talk & Variety channels (Discovery, E!, Experts & advice, African American Talk, Christian Talk)

10 channels of Pop music & Top Hits

7 Country music choices

7 channels of Blues & Jazz music

7 Hip Hop and Urban music choices

6 different channels of music by the Decades (40’s through 90’s)

5 Sports channels (ESPN, Fox, Sporting News, NASCAR)

4 Dance music channels

4 World music choices

3 Christian music choices

3 Comedy entertainment channels (adult comedy, family comedy)

3 Classical music channels

2 Kids entertainment channels (Disney)

2 Latin music choices

Sirius offers a $12.95 per month fee and you can pre-pay for a full year for a discount (works out to $9.99 per month). They offer better sports coverage with play-by-play of the NBA, NHL, and NFL. Sirius has signed some great talent of celebrity DJs. Sirius offers 60 channels of music with no commercials, 50 channels of News, Sports, Talk and Entertainment; and 20 channels of 24/7 Traffic & Weather in major cities. Here’s how Sirius stack up with their channel line up:

16 Talk & Variety channels (Discovery, E!, Talk for Women, CourtTV, Air America, Gay/Lesbian, Body/Mind/Spirit Talk)

14 channels of Rock music

12 channels of Pop music & Top Hits

10 News channels (CNN, CNBC, Fox, NPR, PRI, C-SPAN, BCC, World Radio, Bloomberg)

9 Hip Hop and Urban music choices

7 Sports channels (ESPN, play-by-play channels)

6 Country music choices

6 Jazz music channels

5 Dance music channels

4 different channels of music by the Decades (50’s through 80’s)

3 Classical music channels

2 Christian music choices (Catholic)

2 channels of Blues & Reggae

2 Latin music choices

2 Comedy entertainment channels (regular and uncensored)

2 World music choices

1 Kids entertainment channels (Disney)

To read more on Satellite TV and Radio, please visit my site: http://www.satellite-tv-and-radio.com

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In this phase, existing mail accounts and messages are migrated from the existing messaging environment to the Microsoft Exchange 2003 environment. Your migration strategy must be executed in a manner that is transparent and that has the minimum possible impact on your current e-mail users.

To accomplish these goals, an effective migration strategy and appropriate migration tools must be designed and implemented. They must address all aspects of system migration, including networking, external interfaces, account synchronization, management systems, and parallel operations.

This chapter contains the following sections:

Developing a Migration Strategy

Preparing the Migration Plan

Using Migration Utilities

Tips for a Successful Migration

Refer to the Microsoft Exchange 2003 Migration Guide for complete information on migration.

Developing a Migration Strategy
The typical site where Microsoft Exchange 2003 is installed has an existing mail system that provides messaging services to its users. Migration is the act of moving or copying the data for all users from the legacy (existing) system to the Microsoft Exchange 2003 system. Migration is performed so that all customers can be serviced by the Microsoft Exchange 2003 system, not simply those new subscribers following the installation of Microsoft Exchange 2003.

Migration is the most complex facet of any deployment project. Even though this document provides a framework to follow for migration, no two migrations are exactly alike, due to the differences in each site’s legacy mail system and its integrated systems and procedures. A successful migration depends upon accurately identifying all unique aspects of the system that are to be duplicated in Microsoft Exchange and then duplicating these conditions through development and testing prior to the actual physical migration.

The principal issues of concern in any migration to a new mail service are data integrity and transparent cutover to production. Data integrity guarantees that all mail accounts, stored messages, and associated personal information and preferences (for example, address books, passwords, and so forth) are accurately retained in the new mail system. Transparent cutover to production means that the transition is handled quickly, cleanly, and with no disruption to the end-user experience.

In typical migrations, the total amount of time required for a successful transition is a function of system complexity. Both the total number of mail accounts and the total number of stored messages are significant factors. In addition, migration time can be affected by system and site-specific issues.

Any migration strategy must address:

Migrating accounts

Migrating mailboxes

Migrating Accounts
This migration involves all of the information that uniquely identifies and describes a user, including class-of-service data that defines the service for which users are subscribed. Account data must be placed in the Microsoft Exchange 2003 system before message data. The first task is therefore to collect and transfer account data from the legacy system and then transfer it to the Microsoft Exchange 2003 system.

If your legacy system has domains and organizational units, you must prepare to migrate these also.

Migrating Mailboxes
This migration involves message data–the actual messages to be migrated that belong to the user. The mailbox is simply a collection of the messages belonging to a particular account.

Preparing the Migration Plan
Migration involves significant planning, more so than any other deployment task. This planning is necessary because the activity is exposed to existing users and will, in most cases, be the initial experience that users have of the new system. It is very important to plan for every eventuality in order to avoid problems during the migration.

Refer to Appendix A for information on how to obtain a sample migration plan.

Migration is 95 percent planning and 5 percent execution. A multitude of factors that must be considered in order for a migration to succeed.

The Migration Plan provides a detailed, step-by-step procedure for migrating accounts and mailboxes to Microsoft Exchange 2003. The deployment team should make several dry runs of this plan, with each dry run resulting in a subsequent refinement of the plan.

Any migration plan should address these considerations:

Ensuring systems readiness

Coordinating with other groups and identifying dependencies

Verifying software installation and configuration

Setting up the test system

Providing provisioning connectivity

Testing the migration

Choosing full or limited migration

Resuming service

Ensuring Systems Readiness
All systems to be tested must be ready and operational before testing begins. In addition networks must be implemented as defined in the architecture design (see Chapter 2).

For each original e-mail system, separate IP settings (each with unique “A” records in the DNS) must be established for the following:

Host Address This is the permanent IP assignment for the host.
Service Address This is the address that is used by all e-mail clients for a service. The Service Address will be re-assigned to Microsoft Exchange at the time of account migration.
Service Proxy Address There must be a Service Proxy Address for each Service Address. The IP number used for any Service Proxy Address will match its respective Service Address. The Service Proxy Address will be used for proxy targeting where proxy is used on the Microsoft Exchange system. These can be de-assigned after all migrations are complete and when it is determined that a revert procedure is not required.

Coordinating with Other Groups and Identifying Dependencies
Since any migration touches upon many aspects of a company’s operations, make sure you coordinate the migration with all affected groups and identify dependencies–that is, determining the order in which systems should be migrated.

Verifying Software Installation and Configuration
In addition to installing Microsoft Exchange 2003 (see Chapter 3) and verifying that all components inter-operate, you must set correct Microsoft Exchange environment settings for the root user. These include the correct $PATH, $LD_LIBARARY_PATH, and $Microsoft Exchange settings in order to access the Microsoft Exchange migration tools.

Setting Up the Test System
To validate a migration plan, the test system should have the capacity of production systems, including the proper storage volume configuration and failover configuration (service continuity). The test system must have Internet connectivity, as Proxy mode operations cannot be tested without this.

Aside from equipment that mimics the production system, test driver machines must also be available to power the migration and capacity tests. The test drivers must be configured with migration utilities as well as with mail clients or other test utilities for accessing and sending mail.

At least one test host is required for migration testing; this host acts as a surrogate for the actual online e-mail hosts and holds all mailbox data required for testing.

Providing Provisioning Connectivity
The provisioning interface must be validated before migration can occur. C API procedures should be tested to ensure that modifications performed on the ISD are successful and are propagated to the provisioning database. The Perl API set for batch account migration also must be tested. Last, administrative routines in the provisioning system or ISD must be validated.

This testing is performed in a dual provisioning environment. The purpose of dual provisioning is to ensure the ability to revert to the legacy mail system in the event that the new mail system in not successful.

For provisioning, automatic mailbox creation must be tested. Zero-length mailboxes are typically not migrated; rather, they are turned on in Microsoft Exchange 2003. The first time mail is received or checked, the mailbox can be created. A large test database (representing the volume of anticipated accounts) must be test-migrated to ensure that the procedure works and that the destination ISD database can handle it.

If possible, you should identify a group of “friendly” users willing to assist in identifying any problems or errors

Testing the Migration
Before the migration can occur, comprehensive testing on the production system must be completed. Migration test activities are “non-intrusive” to the existing mail system and are conducted from a separate system using actual user account information and a test copy of the production user data.

The procedures for extracting account data from the legacy system must be tested. The method and utilities to load these accounts into the ISD must be validated through testing. Each class of service must be included, as well as each combination of account attributes, such as forwarding, aliases, and vacation replies.

In addition, the process of moving mailboxes to the Microsoft Exchange 2003 system must be tested. This process includes the method of suspending the account, the physical transfer of messages and attachments, and the return of the account to active status.

You should make any possible configuration changes to prevent network or system loading. In addition, you must establish any special network, host, or storage accommodations that may be required for testing. A special network configuration may be required to prevent traffic complications introduced by migration testing. Another solution may involve localization of the original mailbox storage to the Microsoft Exchange 2003 system.

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Note: Depending on the particulars of a given migration, you may need to create new scripts or modify existing migration scripts. All scripts for managing batch processes must be completed and tested prior to migration.

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Choosing Full or Limited Migration
Accounts to migrate can be defined based on business rules (for example, all mail accounts in good standing or priority accounts requiring early access to features not offered in the exiting mail system).

If you are not going to migrate the entire population at one time, there are certain considerations you need to plan for. For limited migration, you must configure the Microsoft Exchange 2003 system for POP proxy in order to retrieve mail from the legacy system for unmigrated accounts and mailboxes. The architecture must also account for SMTP relay during Proxy mode in order to deliver appropriate mail to the legacy system as well as to Microsoft Exchange 2003.

The method of migrating account data must be identified and tested. Before the limited account migration can occur, a back-out plan, migration quality assurance, and certification of migration must be resolved and validated by testing.

In many instances, new subscribers to mail service at the customer site are added to the Microsoft Exchange 2003 system before migrated accounts from the legacy system. The benefits of handling new registrations in Microsoft Exchange 2003 are that you may be able to:

Offer differentiated service immediately.

Introduce Microsoft Exchange 2003 at a measured pace.

Ensure that no more users are added to an obsolete system.

Resuming Service
Once migration is completed, accounts are automatically switched from Proxy mode to active status. Users regain access to their mailboxes and all messages that were deferred during migration are delivered to their intended recipients. In addition, you must move operations entirely to the Microsoft Exchange 2003 system and deactivate the legacy system.

A burn-in period should be identified, over which the Microsoft Exchange 2003 system must be closely monitored for error conditions.

Using Migration Utilities
There are multiple methods for the combined migration of accounts and mailboxes. One method is to transfer all accounts in a single migration. Then, mailboxes can be transferred in batches. Another method is to transfer a batch of accounts, then transfer a batch of corresponding mailboxes, and so on.

Utilities that support the chosen strategy must then be developed and tested. These tests should include timing of the execution of these utilities.

This phase involves the building of the migration utilities themselves and must include the design, development, and testing of the migration utilities that are to be used to migrate the mail from the existing system to the newly implemented Microsoft Exchange 2003 system. New tools have to be built very often because of the different source mail systems that can be in existence.

Microsoft Exchange 2003 offers automated migration tools designed to streamline the process of moving your service, including built-in tools for services using Sendmail and Software.com’s Post.Office. These flexible, modular, and customizable tools are Perl scripts that handle the export of directory, mailbox, and user information from these other systems to files in Microsoft Exchange 2003-readable format (based on LDIF), which are then imported into Microsoft Exchange 2003. These tools enable you to migrate all accounts at once or as incremental blocks of users. When migrating from a different mail system such as Netscape Messaging Server or SIMS, Microsoft Exchange 2003’s proxy features and robust export command set provide a solid foundation for rapid development of custom export scripts.

Tips for a Successful Migration
With the completion of the migration tests, the only anticipated impact will be caused by the difference in functionality between mail systems. Once the migration of accounts has started, the target production environment becomes the production environment.

The migration procedure involves these discrete steps:

Setting up Microsoft Exchange 2003 in Proxy mode

Changing the MX record

Identifying accounts to be migrated

Extracting account information

Creating accounts in Microsoft Exchange 2003

Migrating messages

Setting Up Microsoft Exchange 2003 in Proxy Mode
Microsoft Exchange must be configured for Proxy mode prior to activating the system. The proxy configuration permits the relay of message and service requests to the legacy system until the full migration has been achieved.

In Proxy mode, all incoming mail is directed to Microsoft Exchange 2003. If the mail is for a user that does not have an Microsoft Exchange account, the mail is relayed to the legacy system for delivery. If a user attempts to retrieve mail, but the user’s mailbox is not yet located on the Microsoft Exchange 2003 system, the POP server will connect to the legacy system and will retrieve the mail from the legacy mailbox location.

Changing the MX Record
In order for mail to reach the Microsoft Exchange 2003 system (instead of the legacy system), you must change the MX record in the DNS for the mail domain of the site, so that traffic is directed to Microsoft Exchange 2003.

With all of the mail directed to Microsoft Exchange, you can begin to burn-in the system with live loads and become accustomed to operations administration even if there is no account data in the system. However, as soon as the system is activated, accounts are provisioned directly into Microsoft Exchange 2003.

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Note: This step can take a few hours to be propagated over the Internet.

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Identifying Accounts to Be Migrated
The first step in migration is to determine which existing mail accounts will move to the Microsoft Exchange 2003 system. Accounts to migrate can be defined based on business rules (for example, all mail accounts in good standing, or priority accounts requiring early access to features not offered in the existing mail system).

Extracting Account Information
After defining the accounts to migrate, the next step is to extract account information from the existing mail system. Using the target account list, account information is exported into a file in LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF). The standard LDIF format permits the importing of account information from any existing mail system to an Microsoft Exchange system. The scripts used here can be customized to handle any situation.

Creating Accounts in Microsoft Exchange 2003
Next, accounts are created in the Microsoft Exchange directory based on the account information described in the LDIF file. As accounts are created, they are placed in Proxy mode, causing mail delivery to and access from unmigrated accounts to be passed directly through to the old mail system, thus ensuring continuous service to end users. During this phase, if a user logs in and supplies an unknown username, the Microsoft Exchange POP server connects to the current e-mail system.

Migrating Messages
The last phase of migration involves moving mail messages from the existing mail system to the Microsoft Exchange system. Message migration may occur either as separate files or as a single, concatenated file. However, some customization is typically required, since the way a message is stored in the Message Store Server (MSS) can differ from the standard mail format. This phase requires new accounts to run in Maintenance mode, during which time these mailboxes are unavailable. For this reason, message migration is typically performed in small increments during off-peak hours.

Exchange Migration plan for moving forward:

Perform Due Diligence on your network via Remote Terminal Service ( Next Week)
Identify existing components - users, groups, login variables
Document proposed AD structure
Project kickoff meeting (Friday)
Install Windows Server 2003 (Friday Night)
Install Active Directory (Friday Night)
Configure, Patch and Connect (Friday Night)
Review Event Log, resolve any errors (Friday Night)
Connect AD environment to existing Windows 2000 (Friday Night)

Identify existing printers (Saturday)
Identify existing components in Exchange (Saturday)
Build Exchange, configure, patch(Saturday)
Install and configure virus software,Spam solution and Fax
Software(Saturday)
Configure OWA in DMZ(Saturday)
Verify Installation (Saturday)
Perform Mailbox Move (Saturday)
Install Outlook 2003 on all desktops. (Saturday - Sunday)

Review Event Log, resolve any errors (Sunday)
Setup Test workstation/perform testing (Sunday)
On-Site to handle any issues with the migration (Monday)

The above steps are only an estimate of work needed to be perform a successful migration. After we perform the Due Diligence Intercore will have a more definite outline in MS Project to fully detail the breadth of work needed to perform the migration . This Due Diligence will identify issues that we can resolve before the migration is performed.

InterCore Technologies, LLC opened it’s doors in May of 1996. Our mission: To Provide a high level of computer consulting services using the most experienced engineers at fair prices. We believe in using a Business Value approach to every aspect of computer consulting. This provides our clients with the most cost effective solutions. We help our clients get more with their current technology investment. Click here to see why Intercore is different from other firms

Exchange Migration Groupwise Lotus Notes conversion services

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There are many devices which can be used to store or write data in your computer system. The options include hard drives, USB/Firewire storage devices, CD writers and DVD writers. Hard drives are a very essential (and delicate) piece of equipment and are a standard feature on most computers. CD writers are also very common. USB/Firewire storage devices and DVD writers are currently getting more popular with consumers.

This article will give you some tips on selecting proper data storage devices for your PC.

Hard Drives

First, let’s cover hard drives. We’ll look at some hard drive terms like ATA and SCSI, as well as cover the factors to consider when buying a new drive.

• ATA and SCSI: Let’s get some terminology out of the way before we go further. In the hard drive world, there are two data access standards, ATA and SCSI (pronounced ‘Scar-Zee’). The ATA standard is split further into Parallel ATA (PATA) and Serial ATA (SATA). Most of normal hard drives we’re used to rely on the PATA standard. Some newer hard drives use the SATA standard.

  SATA allows transfer speeds of up to 150 MBs while PATA gives up to 133 MBs. However, to use SATA, you’ll need a Serial ATA controller, a SATA drive and a SATA power cable. The speed difference between PATA and SATA is also not significant unless you have a high-end SATA drive.

  The SCSI standard is a very fast hard drive standard used for professional computer systems which demand extremely fast data access. SCSI drives provide an access time of about 9.5ms - which I feel is really not needed for average home use.

• Disk Space vs. Price: An important factor to consider is the disk space versus price ratio. When you look at the 30 GB, 40 GB and 80 GBPATA hard drives, you’ll find they are very close in price. If you don’t mind paying an extra $20 or so, I’d say go for the maximum disk space you can get! If you do a lot of graphics or video editing, you may want to consider larger drives like the Seagate 160 GB hard drive. For the average home user, however, 40 GB to 80 GB of disk space is plenty.
• Drive Speed: If data access speed is important to you, you can go for faster SATA drives or SCSI drives. But remember that these drives come at a price premium and may not be necessary for average home use. Another option is to use a RAID setup where multiple hard disks are used to gain drive performance and/or data integrity.

CD Writers

CD writers are practically standard issue on all PCs these days. Prices are ridiculously cheap, so there’s no reason not to get one, unless you prefer a DVD writer.

• Drive Speed: For CD writers, you should generally look for a 40X record speed or faster. Anything slower will cost you a lot of time burning CDs.
• Internal or External: You can choose between an internal or external CD writer. Internal drives are best suited for desktop PCs and are the least expensive option. If you want portability and don’t mind paying a little more, you can get a FireWire or USB 2.0 external CD-RW drive.

DVD Writers

DVD writers are the newest rage in the consumer data storage market. They let you store up to 4.7GB on a single disc several times the amount of on a CD-RW disc. So let’s look at some factors to consider when purchasing a new DVD drive.

• Drive Speed: One factor to consider when buying DVD writers is drive speed. Most DVD-R drives write at 8X, with some older models supporting only 4X. Personally, I don’t think there is significant speed difference between a 8X and 4X drive - so don’t spend extra money unnecessarily if you don’t have to.

Compatibility
There is a huge range of DVD media formats out there (DVD+R, DVD-R,DVD+R DL), represented by various brands. You need to consider compatibility of your DVD writer with these DVD discs. DVD-R and DVD+R formats are both very compatible with existing DVD players and DVD-ROM drives - so try to get a player that supports those.

Internal or External
You can choose between an internal or external DVD writer. Internal drives are cheaper but it also means you need to deal with the installation hassle and non-portability. External DVD writers come with Firewire or USB 2.0 interfaces and may well be a better choice if you need to move your data around a lot.

Conclusion

To purchase a good storage device, be it a hard drive, CD writer or DVD writer, you need to consider what price you’re willing to pay for a given set of features. In my opinion, the DVD burner is fast becoming an essential item in the average home user’s PC. If you’re building a new computer, you should definitely consider buying a DVD writer on top of your standard hard drive.
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Upgrade Your Computer Skills with This Video

If you want to learn how to build your own computer or troubleshoot general PC problems, you should check out this computer training video. Besides showing you the exact steps for installing new hardware components, this video provides important tips for repairing and upgrading your PC. These tips include little gems like how to create boot disks, configure your BIOs or format a hard drive.

Gary Hendricks runs a hobby site on building computers. Visit his website at Build-Your-Own-Computers.com for tips and tricks on assembling a PC, as well as buying good computer components.

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The following is an all too often scenario when trying to implement the enterprise system:

The decision is made at the executive level to build a new computer/software system. A project manager/coordinator is assigned and holds meetings with a newly created RFP committee, stakeholders and users to best determine how this system needs to look, and documents it to tremendous detail. The committee publishes the RFP and invites prospective vendors to submit bids.

After a fairly short period of time, vendors respond, and based on these bids, a short list of potential vendors is created and they are invited to demonstrate their products/prototypes, using both vendor resources as well as the public sector resources. The RFP committee, after another short period of time, makes a final selection and then the contract is negotiated.

The project kickoff occurs; the vendor spends several months or even years developing the system, and a team at the public sector agency helps verify that the system is delivered according to the specifications contained in the RFP. Certain pieces of the system may get rolled out to test users at this point too. During this process, holes in the original RFP are found, or perhaps legislation occurs that must be accounted for. Change orders are submitted, timelines get stretched, and the system costs at least twice as much as the bid.

Finally, the go live date occurs. There is much fanfare, training is done, and users start using the system. The complaints start. Certain influential users seem to sabotage the system. Other users and stakeholders may point out that the system, though delivered as documented, just isn’t going to work. When working with the vendor, the change orders will continue to break the budget, and now that the system is in production, these changes cost even more. The downward spiral has begun and there’s no saving the project.

Ironically, this is the case in most enterprise level systems. By using best practices, all involved in the project have properly covered themselves, and many have traveled this road before. They approach the entire project assuming it will eventually fail, but make sure they are not the reason for that failure. Proper documentation is in place and no one individual can be targeted as the point of failure.

Why is this so difficult? After all, within individual departments on small projects, there has been much success even with bumps in the road. Issues seem to get addressed and the projects don’t get off track much.

There is no simple key cause as to why enterprise projects like this fail. But they can succeed. And it depends on several key factors, each of which must be addressed. One weak link can destroy the project.

1. The right executive has to oversee the project

This doesn’t mean the executive has to manage the project. Many times responsibility for a project may fall on a single department, yet other parallel departments are part of the project. This is a recipe for failure. The executive must be high enough in the hierarchy to be in charge of ALL departments involved, and must oversee and provide “air cover” for the project. As an example, let’s assume a new juvenile justice case management system is to be implemented. Within the juvenile justice agency are several departments. Let’s assume (in a very simplistic way) that there is an IT department, a department that oversees private providers, a department that oversees the public agencies, and a department that oversees administration and regulations. Often times, the IT department will naturally be given the authority and responsibility to implement the new system. WRONG! In this case, the Juvenile Justice Agency head (or even higher level) must be actively involved and ultimately oversee the project. Only this executive can resolve issues that may occur between the other departments. This executive must be absolutely committed to the project, and that means this executive must be involved in all stages of the project, from RFP to vendor selection to final rollout.

2. The right project manager and methodology have to be selected

A project manager who is a stickler for detail and follows rules including all project management best practices may sound like the right fit. However, this is not the case, especially in more complex implementations.

The project manager needs to be experienced not only technically, but also politically. This is a special person that performs multiple roles: Documentation, budgeting, cheerleading, diplomacy, as well as many other hats. This person is absolutely full time during the project and becomes the key person who can be contacted about anything regarding the project. This person works directly for the key executive and they have a relationship that is strong enough to carry through some of the project lows.

This person must be able to deal with adversity and also be able to take responsibility during bumps in the road. This person must have the right attitude. If a problem occurs, this person must be more concerned with the solution than deflecting blame or covering themselves. Because this person has the right relationship with the key executive, they will not have to worry that every decision made during the project is perfect, only that if a decision isn’t right, they have the ability to perform corrective action.

This person also needs to be able to manage a project using an iterative process. As described above, no matter how carefully thought through and documented new requirements will come up that weren’t thought of, or legislative/rules changes may occur during the project. This should carefully be brought up so that those involved in the project won’t worry that every possible detail is locked in stone until the product is delivered. If project participants believe there will be no accommodations for change, then they will try to design something so complex as to handle every possible anticipated scenario, and the system will end up cumbersome and difficult to use.

3. Change Management must start before the RFP is even published

Enterprise projects mean change. For most people, this is stressful. After all, they are used to their processes, know the glitches and work-arounds in their existing systems, and think the pain of a new system just isn’t worth it for them. Often times, the new system will replace a “perfectly good” system they are using, and in many cases, people will actually lose some of their power due to more availability of information that they used to have in their control. Naturally they are resistant to change.

Of course change management strategies must be used especially in enterprise level projects. But they need to be started right at the earliest stages of a project because small problems at the very beginning with key people can destroy enthusiasm and goodwill of key players.

A good way to keep all abreast is an active internal website where content regarding the project is continually updated. It might be good to consider a web log and accept user feedback. A very new trend in the high tech world is the CEO/executives of companies actually running a blog and accepting all types of feedback, both good and bad. Sometimes it’s the fact someone is being heard that’s more important than an action being taken.

As stated in the project management section, early on in the project it is important to allow for some (but not excessive) changes to some of the low level detail design as the project progresses.

In our next article, we will uncover even more powerful reasons to pay close attention to when implementing your system. Stay tuned…. And if you’d like more information regarding this topic and many others regarding custom software development for training, case management, sales and marketing and advanced data analysis, please visit www.globalvisiontech.com.

Copyright © 2006 Chris Freund (All Rights Reserved)

Chris Freund is the President and CTO of Global Vision Technologies, Inc (GVT)., http://www.globalvisiontech.com a premiere software developer specializing in powerful, easy-to-use Internet systems for case management, child welfare, court reimbursement, online training and development, sales and marketing intelligence and pharmaceutical analytical, market research and data capture tools,. GVT’s primary goal is to provide our customers with proven technology systems for improving their productivity, profitability and overall business efficiencies.

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DVD has long overtaken VHS as the medium for recording TV and pre recorded films. How long will it be before DVD is superseded by the next development? Capacity is the issue here. The possibilities in terms of audio and audiovisual quality created by HDTV will require a medium with greater capacity than can be afforded by today’s DVD disc.

The next generation of recordable media are being developed. Blu ray disc is currently being developed by a consortium of companies including Hitachi, LG, Samsung, Sharp, Sony and Thompson. Dell and Hewlett Packard are also supporting Blu ray disc technology.
Blu ray disc has a capacity of 25GB per layer compared to DVDs 4.7GB.

This technology is being developed because of this greater capacity and this is being mainly driven by the expected explosion of high definition TV. The additional capacity will be nessercary to capture the enhanced quality feature of HDTV

At present Sony has launched a Blu ray recorder onto the Japanese market specifically for recording HDTV.

In parallel Toshiba and NEC are developing a rival format HD DVD, which although has less capacity than Blu ray (15GB) but the HD DVD is similar to Blu ray but the physical properties are closer to current DVDs and can be replicated on existing machinery. Blu ray on the other hand requires new manufacturing equipment.

Whether HD DVD or Blu ray disc become the established protocol remains to be seen, but either one could become the industry standard over the next few years.

Chuck Red Owns and maintains several websites including http://www.ps3-er.com and http://www.blueray-media.co.uk

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Do you remember the old saw about how computers would change our lives for the better? We’d have more time to ourselves and lead healthier, happier lives. The truth is computers do make processing information lightening fast. It’s just that today, we have so much more information to process and so many more distractions that the computer, via the Internet, has brought into our lives.

The bottom line? Today we spend more time operating a computer (for fun and for
profit) than on any other single pastime save for maybe sleeping. And if you’re a
heavy computer user like me, even sleep takes a back seat to computer use every
now and then.

There are health hazards to continual computer use. Personally I’ve suffered from
back and shoulder pain, eye strain and numbness in my fingers. I’ve even had to
deal with stiff joints and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. None of this was any fun.

But I did learn a few things important enough to pass along to you today. Here are
some things you can do right now to reduce or eliminate stress on our body while
operating your computer.

The Concept of Neutral Body Positioning

Consider a comfortable working posture with a natural alignment of all your joints
from head to toe. This method of neutral positioning helps you reduce the stress
and strain on your muscles, tendons, and skeletal system thus reducing the risks of
developing a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD).

Some Quick Tips - Body Posture

Your hands, wrists, and forearms should all be in a row, straight, and almost parallel
to the floor.

Your head and torso should be in-line with your head slightly bent forward, facing
forward, and balanced.

Your shoulders should be at ease with your upper arms hanging normally at the
sides of your body.

Your elbows should be close to your body and bent between 90 and 110 degrees.

Your feet should be either supported by a footrest or should be relaxing on the
floor.

While leaning back or sitting in a vertical position, make sure your lower back is
fully supported.

Your hips and thighs should be supported by a well-padded seat.

Your knees and hips should be at almost the same height as your feet and slightly
forward.

More Tips - Your Work Environment

Readjust your chair and backrest at regular intervals.

Periodically stretch your fingers, hands, arms, and torso.

Your keyboard, monitor, and your posture should be on a straight line to
avoid any positional discomforts.

Always adjust your chair so you’re looking down at the screen, never up.

Your desktop should be at a convenient height with enough space for your
equipment and the day’s work.

Your chair should give good back support and allow for height adjustment.

Your keyboard and the mouse mat should have a good wrist-rest.

A document holder placed at the height of your monitor will eliminate neck strain.

Roger Williams is a Web designer and copywriter who spends endless hours on his
computer. He has learned through much research how to eliminate the physical stress
of heavy computer use.

If you want more health tips for computer users, visit http://www.meandmymouse.com/hc

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“Having a Project Management system without a methodology is like
attaching a speedometer to an orange crate; it measures nothing.”
- Bryce’s Law

INTRODUCTION

The term “methodology” is being bandied about by just about every
software development vendor and consultant imaginable. You would be
hard pressed to find a vendor who, in addition to their usual tool
offering, doesn’t promise a methodology to solve all of your development
problems. But like many things in this industry, the terminology is
getting sloppy and it is becoming apparent the true definition of
“methodology” is being bastardized.

IN THE BEGINNING

The term “methodology” became popular in information systems in the
early 1970’s, initially as a response to the question, “What is it?” Milt
Bryce first applied the term to systems development in 1971, to describe his
Information Systems Engineering process. Bryce referred to “methodology” as
a process which ends with the delivery of a product or a completely defined
result.

Later on, during the structured programming movement, a different
interpretation of the word emerged from software gurus such as Yourdon,
Gane/Sarson, Orr, Finklestein, Martin, Warnier/Orr, etc. Instead of
describing the overall process by which development occurs, the structured
programming people began to use the term “methodology” to describe their
techniques for designing software (e., functional decomposition, data
driven design, object oriented design, etc.). Consequently, software
development tools, which represent automated extensions of these techniques,
began to tout their products as “methodology” enablers.

This division in the use of the term “methodology” is a major source
of confusion to the industry. Not all “methodologies” are created equally.
There are fundamentally two interpretations: as a term referring to the
“process” by which work is performed, and; as a term referring to a
particular design technique. To truly understand “methodologies” you
must know the difference.

METHODOLOGIES AS “PROCESS MANAGEMENT”

We at MBA define a methodology as, “a process which ends with the delivery
of a product or a completely defined result.” Under this perspective,
a methodology defines the “5-W’s”; it defines WHO, is to perform WHAT work,
WHEN, WHERE, and WHY. If this sounds like an engineering/manufacturing
process, it is. MBA contends information resources can be designed and
developed in the same manner as any other product. Here, a methodology
defines the division of labor and synchronization of work effort. With
this approach, the development effort is divided into smaller more
manageable pieces just as in an assembly line process. Construction
projects represent another example (e,g., shipbuilding, office/home
construction, etc.), where the work is carefully divided into stages with
precedent relationships.

METHODOLOGY AS A DESIGN TECHNIQUE

As opposed to the “5-W’s” interpretation by MBA, a methodology
supported by the software design people defines HOW a particular task
is to be performed. For example, the forte of design techniques such
as “object oriented programming,” “structured programming,” or “information
engineering” is on HOW to accomplish specific activities of work. From
this context, the term “methodology” is a misnomer which should be
replaced by the term “technique,” a more apt description.

Techniques may differ from company to company, and there is not always
a single way to perform a task. For example, in the automotive industry,
fenders have always been a part of the car, but they have not always been
attached the same way. Originally, fenders were bolted to the body of the
car. Years later, an automotive worker welded the fender to the car. Today,
welding robotics perform the task. The task, attaching the fender to the car,
hasn’t changed, but the techniques to do it have. Improved techniques can
mean realizing the same result with savings in time and money.

The same is true in the information systems world. Whereas there are
generic stages of work for designing and developing a system, there are a
multitude of techniques for performing the work. For example, there are
significant differences between “structured programming” and “object
oriented programming,” yet the result is fundamentally the same, the
development of an executable program. The difference is the chosen approach
of implementation (there are pros and cons for both techniques). Whereas
“Software Engineering” represents a phase of work in a development project,
“structured programming” and “object oriented programming” represent
techniques that can be used to perform the phase.

Does this mean there are overlaps or conflicts in the use of the
different types of “methodologies”? Not quite. But to appreciate the
difference, one must understand the concept of “Productivity” (as
we have discussed in other “PRIDE” Special Subject Bulletins).

PRODUCTIVITY = EFFECTIVENESS X EFFICIENCY

Productivity is not simply a matter of how fast a task can be performed,
it’s a matter of performing the right task at the right time. This is what
underlies the concept of productivity. Whereas “efficiency” concentrates
on speed of delivery, “effectiveness” is concerned with doing the right
thing at the right time; the two are not synonymous. For example, performing
a weld using robotics may be a far more efficient means than performing the
task manually, but it is useless if you are welding the wrong thing. There
is nothing more unproductive than to build something efficiently that should
never have been built in the first place. Zero percent effectiveness
times 1000% efficiency equals zero productivity.

A true methodology addresses the effectiveness side of the equation
(Who, What, When, Where, Why), and a technique addresses the efficiency
side (How to). Whereas a methodology defines the work environment, the
technique defines how the work is to be performed. The two are obviously
complementary and one does not eliminate the need for the other. But
comparing one with another is like comparing apples with oranges, they are
simply not the same.

FACTORY CONCEPT

Within an engineering/manufacturing facility you will typically find:

1. An Assembly Line where products are developed in stages.

2. Production Control monitoring the assembly line for delays or
   accelerations in production.

3. Techniques for performing work.

4. Tools providing mechanical leverage.

These elements can be found in any development environment, including
the IT world. What is interesting is the relationship between the elements:

ASSEMBLY LINE - at the heart of the factory is the Assembly Line process
where products are developed in stages by workers with different skills
for the different stages of work. In IT terminology, this is the
“methodology.”

PRODUCTION CONTROL monitors the assembly line using dials and gauges.
Production Control is not an entity by itself; it is totally dependent on
the existence of the Assembly Line in order to measure performance.
In IT terminology, this is Project Management. However, this brings up
an important point; without a defined methodology, Project Management is
an exercise in futility. It measures nothing. Only if a defined mode
of operation exists can dials and gauges be effectively applied.

TECHNIQUES, as mentioned, represent ways for performing specific tasks
(”how to”). A variety of techniques may be used on the Assembly Line.
Obviously, it would be counter-productive to use a technique at the wrong
time on the Assembly Line. This means the effective use of techniques
is dependent upon a defined Assembly Line.

TOOLS implement techniques. Tools provide mechanical leverage for performing
a specific task. In this sense, it is an extension of a technique, and like
the technique, tools must be deployed at the proper locations along the
Assembly Line. This is the reason why many software engineering tools are failing;
not because they are bad tools, but simply because companies have not defined
their Assembly Lines (methodologies) and haven’t specified when the techniques
and tools are to be used.

What this highlights is that a methodology is the focal point within a
development environment. Without a defined methodology, Project Management
will be ineffective, and design techniques and software development tools
will be misapplied. Productivity will be low.

METHODOLOGY CRITERIA

Since a methodology is critical to the success or failure of a
development environment, it is important to be able to differentiate
between a methodology, technique and tool. The generic properties of
a methodology include:

1. DEFINES THE STAGES OF WORK (a work breakdown structure normally
   consisting of phases, activities and tasks). The stages of work
   defines the “5-W’s” (Who, What, When, Where, Why). The synchronization
   of work is needed to define direction and is provided by the precedent
   relationships between the various steps in the methodology. Defined
   duties and responsibilities provides insight for performing the work
   and methodology standardization improves communications between workers.

2. MEASURABLE - The stages of work can be evaluated in terms of how long
   it takes to perform them and how much they cost to perform. Further,
   criteria is provided to substantiate completion of deliverables
   thereby assuring the development of a quality product.

3. TECHNIQUE AND TOOL INDEPENDENT - various techniques and tools can be
   deployed as required.

4. PROJECT MANAGEMENT INDEPENDENT - can work with or without a Project
   Management system. For example, an Assembly Line can still function
   without Production Control, but not vice versa.

If the methodology you are evaluating does not match this simple
criteria, it is not a methodology and probably some form of technique.

TYPES OF METHODOLOGIES

Of the “process management” methodologies, there are fundamentally
three types:

LINEAR “WATERFALL” METHODOLOGY (sometimes referred to as “Life Cycle”) -
this is perhaps the best known of the methodologies. Various interpretations
of this approach have been published for several years, both commercially and
public domain. Fundamentally, it a sequential process where the design of an
application moves from the general to the specific; for example:

1. FEASIBILITY STUDY

2. DESIGN

3. PROGRAMMING

4. TESTING

5. REVIEW

The problem with this approach has been its orientation towards computer
software and not on total systems. But the biggest pitfall has been its
sequential orientation which tends to prohibit parallel development.

SPIRAL DEVELOPMENT - this approach is based on the premise the development
process is evolutionary in nature (which, in fact, it is). The concept is
to initially design a program, then add additional phases of work to
constantly revise the program to enhance its features. From a Project
Management perspective, the problem with this approach is that the project
never ends.

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT - as proposed by MBA, this approach uses elements of
the other two methodologies, with the added nuance of using a product
orientation as the basis for the development process. Under this approach,
a system is viewed as a product. Consequently, it can be designed in the same
manner as any other product. For example, when a product is being designed
(such as an automobile), the overall assemblies are first designed (such as
the body, chassis, engine, etc.). After this phase, each assembly is designed
by teams of engineers who refine the design of each assembly into sub-assemblies
and parts. All of this occurs as parallel phases. MBA advocates the same
approach for systems development. An initial phase is used to design
the architecture of the system, followed by succeeding parallel phases to
refine the design. This is the best approach for parallel development.

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

In an engineering/manufacturing environment, the responsibility for
defining the work environment is normally delegated to an “Industrial
Engineer.” It is the Industrial Engineer’s responsibility to define the
Assembly Line, the types of people and skill sets required to perform the
work, and the deployment of techniques and tools to be used on the
Assembly Lines. Industrial Engineering is a recognized profession in
the engineering/manufacturing world. A comparable position is required
in the information systems world.

Unfortunately, most development methodologies purchased today are
evaluated by the wrong people. Quite often, the evaluation of a methodology
is delegated to programmers or technicians who are more enamored with the
latest software design technique or tool than in defining a managed development
environment. This is like Henry Ford allowing the UAW to invent the concept
of the Assembly Line. They simply have the wrong perspective. Someone who
specializes in installing headlights doesn’t necessarily have the expertise to
develop Assembly Lines. True, their input can be helpful when evaluating a
technique or a tool, but not for an overall development environment. This is
one area where American businesses have abdicated complete control.

CONCLUSION

There are essentially two interpretations for the term “methodology” in
the IT industry. One interpretation is as a disciplined process for developing
information resources, from inception to conclusion. Another is as a technique
for performing a specific task of work. These are subtle but significant
differences, particularly if a company is analyzing their development
environment. As companies have learned, it is not simply a matter of
purchasing the latest software engineering tool to overcome their productivity
problems. Studies show such tools are failing to have an effect in this area,
primarily because they are being misapplied by the users. People looking for
programming tools to bring order out of chaos are going to be sorely
disappointed. This is not their forte. Rather, they represent an efficient
approach for implementing design techniques. The intent of a true methodology
is to define the work environment, thereby providing the ability to effectively
deploy tools and techniques. To implement a methodology, a development
organization needs to reorient themselves into an “Information Factory”
environment, where systems and software (products) are developed in the
same manner as any other engineering/manufacturing facility.

Tim Bryce is the Managing Director of M. Bryce & Associates (MBA)
of Palm Harbor, Florida and has 30 years of experience in the field.
He is available for training and consulting on an international basis.
He can be contacted at: timb001@phmainstreet.com

Copyright © 2006 MBA. All rights reserved.

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Before you purchase your laptop you’ll want to familiarize yourself with the various features and determine what you need and what you do not. Some folks seek out all the latest bells and whistles. For others it’s about getting your typical job done efficiently and cost effectively.

Here are some helpful hints:

To save yourself money look for a Celeron processor. Less expensive than a Pentium, it will work fine for all but the most detailed graphics projects. If you’re a graphic artist or a professional programmer, however, seek out a laptop with Pentium processing.

126 MB RAM is the least you can be comfortable with nowadays, no matter what you’re doing. And, unless you’re buying used you’re probably not going to find a laptop with less anyway. But what if you want to upgrade your memory? How easy is it to do that? How accessible is the panel for the memory chips? Are you comfortable with doing it yourself if you have to remove the case? Make sure it’s not a laptop that actually requires some outside technical help to install more memory. .

The life of the installed battery is important. Generally the range of battery life available to laptops is two-four hours. Which is adequate depends on where you’re going to be when you use your laptop. If you’re a traveling sales rep who needs a laptop to your emails and prepare the daily report from your hotel room each evening you won’t be using your battery a lot. If, however, you envision the life of the mobile warrior, sometimes creating your graphic or written masterpiece from the beach, or while traveling by air, you won’t be able to rely on the power cord and electricity. You’ll want that four-hour battery.

Make sure you have a minimum of three ports, to accommodate a number of peripherals such as printers, cameras and external floppy drives or modems. The number of ports you need depends on the internal features of your laptop as well as your own need for peripherals.

Obviously, if you have an internal modem you don’t need a port for an external one. But if you have only a CD drive and copy to floppy on your PC at home, for the two to talk to each other you’re going to need an external floppy drive on your laptop. For this you’ll need a port. Be cognizant also of the types of ports. Your old mouse may connect by parallel port, but the newest versions require USB connection.

Make sure you have an internal modem and fax rather than external. And if you’re shopping for a brand new laptop the wireless feature is terrific. Many places, such as RV and other resorts are totally Wi-Fi capable now.

If you’re used to a traditional mouse do play around with several versions of mice available on laptops. Some will drive you crazy until you get used to them. See if you’re most comfortable with trackball, touch pad or trackpoint. While you’re checking that, play with that keyboard. So much smaller than a PC keyboard, you may have difficulty typing accurately with some. Try several.

The final things you’ll want to compare are the software and the warranty. Major software programs such as Windows are almost always included in brand new systems, but do check. Especially if buying used. You can spend many hundreds of dollars on Microsoft Office and the latest Windows version if you don’t have a version that you can upgrade.

Alan Jason Smith is the owner of http://www.tkcicomputers.com which is a great place to find computer links, resources and articles. For more information go to: http://www.tkcicomputers.com.

© Copyright 2005

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Printers are essential peripherals, performing a critical role as they render electronic information into tangible records or material output. You’re simply not using your computer to its fullest potential if you are unable to print reports, presentations, letters, photos, or whatever it is you need to output. Choosing a printer can be confusing, however, in today’s competitive, ever-changing landscape. This buying guide rounds out some of the more important criteria to consider before you make that all-important purchase decision.

Printing Technologies

This is the biggest decision to make before anything else. Your choice should be based on how you work and the kind of output you will be expecting from the printer.

Inkjet: Inkjet printers can deliver stunning color, so this is the way to go if you are mostly concerned with printing photos. Inkjets can be used for printing text, but the print speed is too slow if the primary purpose of the printer is document printing. To obtain more photo-realism, choose inkjets with an expanded range of colors that includes light cyan and light magenta in addition to the standard four-color CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black). The extra colors deliver more subtle color gradations in blue skies and skin tones. And if you print a great deal of black-and-white photos, consider photo printers with more than one variation of black ink or with gray inks. Many photo printers use color inks to produce a composite black, resulting in a muddy tint. A second black-ink cartridge and different shades of gray help maintain a neutral tone, with the gray ink allowing for subtle shading and thus improving the quality of black-and-white photos.

Dye-sublimation: Dye-sub printers can print continuous tones and a superior range of colors that laser printers are unable to, making them ideal for more demanding graphic applications or color printing. Dye-sub prints are also less prone to fading and distortion over time than dye-based ink prints. In addition, many consumer-based dye-sublimation printers can print directly from digital cameras and also accept memory cards. They are, however, more limited in the range and size of printing media that can be used - usually letter-size paper or smaller.

Laser: Laser printers are the perfect choice if you need to print large amounts of text documents. They print faster than inkjets and have a lower cost of operation over the long-term - even though they may cost more to buy initially. There are trade-offs, however. Monochrome laser printers produce crisp black-and-white text but cannot be used for color printing. Color lasers deliver excellent text and graphics but are much more expensive and can be costly to maintain.

Printer Usage

Some printers are good for general printing, while others are better at specialized tasks or combine several functions into one machine.

Photo: If you take lots of pictures, consider getting a photo printer. Photo printers can be in the form of photo inkjets - which can print both photos and text; snapshot photo printers - for outputting small 4×6-inch prints; or professional photo printers - for large, tabloid-size photos and often including network connections to enable printer sharing. Most consumer and professional photo printers use inkjet technology, while most snapshot photo printers that print 4×6-inch prints rely on dye-sublimation technology. Regardless of the type or technology that is used, the most important thing to look for in a photo printer is photorealistic quality. Everything else is secondary.

General Purpose: As the name implies, general purpose printers can be used for printing almost anything, including text and photos. Choose a general printer with a laser format if you print more text than photos; and choose an inkjet format if you print more photos than text.

Multifunction: Multifunction printers (MFPs) combine in one device several functions such as printing, scanning, faxing, and copying. MFPs cost less than buying separate stand-alone devices and cut down on the hassle of setting up individual machines. If you are strapped for budget or space, consider these all-in-one devices. Take note, however, that a malfunction with one component takes down the whole device, and individual components may not be upgradeable. MFPs are available with either laser printers to emphasize speedy text printing and the occasional graphics output; or they are available with inkjet printers for vibrant photo printing.

Printer Specs and Key Features

Printers feature various specifications, so navigating the spec sheet intelligently requires familiarity with what each specification entails according to the printing technology involved or for the type of usage planned for the printer.

Resolution: For laser printers, 300 dpi is adequate if all you need is to print black-and-white text, but choose at least 1200 dpi for photorealistic grayscale or color printing. For inkjets, choose one featuring 1200-dpi or higher resolution with a droplet size of 4 picoliters or smaller for sharp, clean output. With photo printers, resolution varies according to technology: Output at 300 dpi by photo printers using dye-sublimation technology is comparable to photo printers using inkjet technology outputting at 1200 dpi or higher.

Speed: Speed ratings vary greatly, and the print speeds cited by manufacturers usually refer to printing in draft mode or at the lowest resolution. For laser printers, a more accurate way of measuring actual print speed is to time just how long it takes from the minute you hit “Print” - to the time that it takes the printer to warm up, spool the job into the print queue, and for the printed output to finally come out. For inkjets, print speed is not one of its stronger suits; so don’t be overly concerned with this spec.

Memory: Extra memory will come in handy for laser printers to enable them to handle large graphics and documents more easily. Check the maximum upgradeable memory allowed for your printer, if it features a hard drive with similarly upgradeable memory, and if the printer can use generic memory or needs the manufacturer’s brand. In the case of inkjets, memory is built-in and not upgradeable, but this is not an issue inasmuch as processing occurs on the side of the computer - so there’s no need for large amounts of installed RAM to begin with on inkjets.

Connectivity: Most printers today no longer support the older parallel connection but feature instead USB 1.1 or Hi-Speed USB (USB 2.0) - either of which should work fine with USB computers. For printers to be used on a network, it will need to have an Ethernet port to enable printer sharing. For more flexible printing options, you may want to look for printers with infrared input/output ports that allow wireless printing from notebooks or other devices with infrared ports. And if high-speed or long-distance printing is what you need, consider printers with a FireWire port.

Consumables and cost per page

The purchase price of the printer is just the beginning of its overall cost because over time, the hidden cost of ink or toner, paper, and parts will add up. These “hidden costs” are the consumables; dividing the total cost of consumables by the number of pages that can be produced from the consumables gives you the cost per page. Laser printers offer the lowest cost per page, using relatively inexpensive toner and normal-weight, uncoated paper. On the other hand, cost per page for inkjets can be four or five times as much, depending on how much ink you use and the cost of the paper - normally more expensive, coated, glossy paper for higher-quality color output. The tank configuration for inkjets should also be taken into consideration. Inkjets with a single cartridge for the colored inks will incur higher replacement costs because the cartridge must be replaced as soon as one color runs out - even if the cartridge still contains plenty of ink for the other colors. To save costs, get an inkjet with separate cartridges for black and each individual color.

Microtek Lab Inc. is a consumer electronics company focused on scanners, plasma and lcd televisions, digital projectors, lcd monitors, digital cameras, home theatre equipment, and accessories. You can view their online store at store.microtek.com Use of this article is permitted provided that the article is used in its entirety.

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